Labor Supply Responses to Taxes and Transfer Payments Essay -- America

A good understanding of labor supply reactions to tax and transfer policies is necessary for achieving related policy goals. Income support programs intend to alleviate poverty and create a more equitable society. However, the reaction of the labor supply can derail the intended results and need to be carefully evaluated for effective policy. Economic theory suggests that as taxes and transfer payments increase, the amount of hours and/or number of employees will decrease (Borjas 2005). The exception is transfer payments with work requirements, where the labor supply moves in the same direction as benefits. In the labor market, individuals have two basic choices: how many hours to work (intensive), and whether or not to work at all (extensive). If the labor supply has largely intensive reactions, certain types of programs, such as food stamps, are most effective, when EITC type programs are more effective for extensive reactions. Government tax and transfer policies affect the labor supply because when the real wage changes the labor supply reacts. This paper will look at the response of the U.S. labor supply to changes in taxes and transfer payments. It will determine if the response is concentrated towards intensive or extensive margins and observe the direction and magnitude of the changes. Understanding labor supply responses is crucial for governments desiring to reach intended policy goals. Labor market behavior can have significant long run effects on potential output. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the size and quality of the labor force, capital stock, and the efficiency of production, determine a country’s potential output. When policies influence relevant factors, such as the size of the labor force, the... ...e to participate at a paid wage lower than they would typically require. More people working expands the tax base while reducing the amount of transferred income. The government is able to collect more revenue and still provide a guaranteed income level. (Dickert et al.1995; Browning 1995). EITC type programs can help the government achieve its objectives with minimal negative effects to the economy. Not all labor markets have identical sizes or types of responses to government decisions. The direction and magnitude of each response will inform policy makers about optimal decisions. Section II of this paper reviews the empirical literature on tax and transfer policies and the labor market. Section III discusses the methodology. Section IV summarizes the results of this study. Section V presents the conclusion as well as identifies areas for further research.

Murder Most Foul

Hi, my name is Nick Kingson. I live in the suburb of London city. I live in an institute for homeless people. I have been here for the last past nine years. I am now 17 years old. During my nine years in the institution, my best friend has been David Bryant. He is like me but his past has a tragedy storey. His mother was black and his father was white. During a shopping trip, his parents were stepped in the parking area by white youths. David was only three then and couldn't do anything. When I heard his storey, I couldn't stop my tears. The tears were like a riverbank waiting to burst. Unlike him, my parents were with me until I was six. After that my father left my mum and went with another woman. As if that wasn't enough my mother died in a car accident. Later I found out that the accident occurred because she was drinking alcohol. I warned here about here addiction to alcohol and how it could get her into trouble, but she never listened. And know look where I am, a homeless teenager. The institute follows a strict rule like no television after ten, no smoking or drugs, etc. David and I didn't really fit in and we had plans. We didn't want to live here for the rest of our lives. The administrator of the institute had a close eye on David. After what happened to his parents, David didn't like white people. For some reason, David came very friendly with me and told me most of his secrets, even though I was white. I guess he trusted me and the things we had in common bought us closer together. On April 7th 2003, we made a plan to get out of the institute and find a place for ourselves, where there were no rules. During that night we got out of the institute and went into the city. What a site it was! The city had so many shops that I lost count of it after three minutes, imagine that. At the time we didn't have any money and we were starving. We decided to go to the local restaurants and ask them if they needed any help, and in return we get food. All of them refused our offer. It was probably because we didn't have any reference of previous employment and we could give them our address or telephone number. We didn't have one. It was mid-day now and we very getting really hungry. I felt like a balloon without air inside. I never felt like this because when we were in the institute, we got out food on time. We came across a shop that had food on display. Looking at it made our mouth watery. We had no choice; we took some of the food and ran as fast as we can. After running for half a mile, the shop owner stopped chasing us. We ate the food. At the moment I thought how we are going to survive. I lived most of my life in an institute and didn't know much about the outside world. It was getting dark and as we were walking around the street, we found an old abandoned house. It looked empty. So we decided to take the night there. We thought the back door will be open but it wasn't. We decided to break the glass a bit just enough to open the door. As we entered, we found the kitchen. It looked like if some one was there because there were bread and butter on the dinning table, and the fridge was full of allsorts of things, like milk, fruit juice etc. I told David to check downstairs while I go upstairs and check there. As I was checking the rooms, I heard a loud noise from downstairs. It looked like if an old lady screamed. I quickly ran down stairs and there I found an old lady lying near the fridge bleeding. The blood was all over the floor. I guess she lost about one liter of blood. I asked David what happened and he did speak. It was like if he went in to coma or something. I tried to wake the lady up but she kept lying on the floor. I smacked David and he finally woke up. I asked him what happened again and he kept on saying, â€Å"I didn't meaning it†. I asked to explain what happened and he said, â€Å"The lady walked in and saw me and then came up with her walking stick. I tried to stop her but she fell backwards on the metal fridge. † I told him it wasn't his fault. I didn't want to waste anymore time. We phoned the ambulance and told them about our location and what happened. After twenty minutes, the ambulance arrived, with them came the police. At that time I wanted to ran and leave the scene of the accident and then I thought if I did that I would look like a criminal. The doctor came firing though the front door. We stepped back. Just after that everything seemed like it was ok, but them the policeman walked thought the door. He asked us what happened and we told the whole truth. He took us into custody. We stayed in the prison cell over the night. The next morning the policeman walked through the door and he face projected a sad news. He told us that the old lady died in the hospital during the night. David placed his hand over his face and cried. I didn't feel it was his fault, but it was our fault for breaking in an entry and because of that an old lady died. The policeman told us from the evidence they gathered that we told the true story. I felt a bit relaxed but I wouldn't forget what happened. I will always have the cogence that I was responsible for a death. David took the death harder on himself. He felt that it was his fault. We had to do community sentence for 1 year. As time went on I got a bit better and came back to my self. On the other hand, David was still thinking about it. I told him about hundred of times but still he feels it's his fault. Our sentence passed quickly and we were back at the institute. The life went normal there. But to this date David is still thinking about what happened.

Similarities And Weaknesses Of Vulnerability Scanners

Comparison of Vulnerability Scanners Introduction With the advancements in information technology, the security concern of the users in the network is increasing drastically. Various approaches have been adopted to protect respective network from un-authorized users. New innovative methods have been presented in order to identify potential discrepancies that can damage the network. Most commonly used approach for this purpose is vulnerability assessment. Vulnerability can be defined as the potential flaws in the network that make it prone to possible attack by un-authorized user. Assessment of these vulnerabilities provides a way to identify as well as develop innovative strategies in order to protect the network. Numbers of software†¦show more content†¦Accessing as well as eliminating the all vulnerabilities requires in depth understanding and sound knowledge about them. It becomes essential to have basic idea behind the working of these vulnerabilities like the way in which they appear in any system. One must be aware of the flaws needed to be corrected in order to free the whole system from vulnerabilities, alternatives can also be devised for this purpose and how to reduce the risk of them in a proactive manner [2]. Various methods have been introduced for the identification of these vulnerabilities. Some of the methods include attack graph generation, static analysis and vulnerability scanners. This work presents a detailed study of the vulnerability scanners. It also analysis number of vulnerability scanners and make comparison of them based on their identification abilities. Vulnerability Scanners A Vulnerability scanner can have access to a variety of vulnerabilities across complete information systems including network systems, software applications, computers and operating systems. It must be able to identify the vulnerabilities that could have originated from system administrator activities, vendors or even everyday user activities. Possible examples of these vulnerabilities include software bugs, web applications, insecure default configurations, lack of password protection or even failure to run virus scanning